Bongo drums are a pair of small, open-bottomed hand drums that are connected together and played with the fingers and palms. Originating from Afro-Cuban culture, these drums have a distinctive sound and play a crucial role in various musical genres, particularly those from Latin America. Physically, bongo drums consist of two drums of different sizes. The larger drum, known as the “hembra” (female), typically has a diameter of about 8 to 10 inches, while the smaller drum, called the “macho” (male), ranges from 6 to 8 inches in diameter.
The shape of bongo drums is cylindrical, with slightly tapered edges. They are traditionally made from wood, although modern bongos can also be constructed from synthetic materials. The drumheads are usually made of animal skin, such as cowhide or goatskin, but synthetic heads are also available. The skin is stretched over the drum’s open end and secured with metal hardware that allows for tuning adjustments. The shells of bongo drums are often crafted from hardwoods like oak or mahogany, providing durability and a rich, resonant sound.
What is a Bongo Drum?
The bongo drum has its origins in the Afro-Cuban music traditions of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The exact history of the bongo is somewhat murky, but it is widely believed that the drums evolved from earlier African drum types brought to Cuba by enslaved Africans. These early drums were likely adapted and refined over time, influenced by various cultural exchanges between African, Spanish, and indigenous Taíno music traditions.
Bongo drums gained significant popularity in the Cuban music genre known as “son cubano,” which emerged in the early 20th century. The “son” genre blends African rhythms with Spanish guitar and lyrical forms, and the bongo drums became a staple of its percussive section. Bongos also play a critical role in the development of other Afro-Cuban genres like “rumba” and “guaguancó.”
The cultural significance of bongo drums extends beyond their musical contributions. They symbolize a rich heritage of African influence in the Americas and represent the syncretism of different cultures through music. Over time, bongo drums have become a global instrument, integral to various music styles beyond their Cuban origins.
Playing Techniques
Playing bongo drums involves a variety of hand techniques to produce different sounds and rhythms. The most basic strokes include:
Open Tone: This is produced by striking the edge of the drumhead with the fingers, allowing the hand to bounce off quickly to create a resonant, open sound.
Slap Tone: This involves a sharper, more percussive strike using the fingers, generating a brighter, cutting sound.
Muted Tone: By keeping the hand on the drumhead after the strike, a muted or dampened sound is produced.
Heel-Tip: This technique involves alternating between the heel (base of the palm) and the fingertips, creating a rolling, continuous rhythm.
One of the most well-known rhythms played on the bongo drums is the “martillo,” which means “hammer” in Spanish. The martillo rhythm forms the backbone of many Afro-Cuban music styles and involves a combination of open tones, slaps, and muted strokes to create a driving, syncopated pattern. The basic pattern of the martillo rhythm is:
- The thumb of the non-dominant hand strikes the hembra drum.
- The fingertips of the dominant hand strike the macho drum, alternating with muted and open tones.
- The heel of the dominant hand strikes the macho drum to add a bass element.
Musical Context
Bongo drums have a prominent role in several music genres, particularly those with roots in Latin America. Their versatility and distinctive sound make them a valuable addition to various musical settings:
Son Cubano: As mentioned earlier, bongo drums are essential in son cubano, providing rhythmic drive and embellishments that enhance the overall texture of the music. The bongo player, known as a “bongocero,” often improvises within the rhythmic framework, adding dynamic interest to the performance.
Salsa: In salsa music, bongo drums contribute to the complex, layered percussion section that is characteristic of the genre. The bongo player often switches to a cowbell during certain sections of the music, adding another rhythmic layer.
Latin Jazz: Bongo drums are also prevalent in Latin jazz, a genre that fuses jazz improvisation with Latin rhythms. Bongos provide rhythmic support and can also be featured in solos, showcasing the player’s technical prowess and creativity.
Afro-Cuban Jazz: Similar to Latin jazz, this genre highlights the fusion of African, Cuban, and jazz elements. Bongo drums play a critical role in maintaining the rhythmic foundation and adding intricate, syncopated patterns.
World Music: Bongo drums are often incorporated into various world music styles, reflecting their adaptability and global appeal. They can be found in fusion genres that blend traditional music with contemporary elements.
SEE ALSO: What is the Tenor Drum?
Types and Variations
While the traditional bongo drums are the most common, there are variations that cater to different musical needs and preferences. Some of these variations include:
Synthetic Bongos: These bongos are made from synthetic materials like fiberglass or plastic, offering durability and resistance to weather conditions. They are ideal for outdoor performances or environments where traditional wooden bongos might be susceptible to damage.
Professional-Grade Bongos: High-end bongo drums are crafted from premium hardwoods and feature top-quality animal skin heads. These instruments provide superior sound and are favored by professional musicians for their rich tonal quality and responsive playability.
Student-Grade Bongos: Designed for beginners, student-grade bongos are typically more affordable and constructed from less expensive materials. They provide a good entry point for those new to the instrument.
Mini Bongos: These are smaller versions of traditional bongos, often used for educational purposes or by younger players. They are also popular as novelty instruments.
Electric Bongos: Electric bongos feature built-in pickups or microphones that allow the sound to be amplified. These are useful in live performance settings where amplification is needed.
Maintenance and Tuning
Proper maintenance and tuning of bongo drums are essential for preserving their sound quality and extending their lifespan. Here are some tips for caring for and tuning bongo drums:
Cleaning: Regularly wipe down the drumheads and shells with a soft, dry cloth to remove dust and sweat. Avoid using harsh chemicals or excessive moisture, as these can damage the drumheads and wood.
Storage: Store bongo drums in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures. Use a padded bag or case for added protection when transporting the drums.
Tuning: Bongo drums are tuned by adjusting the tension rods that secure the drumheads. To tune the drums, use a drum key to tighten or loosen the rods evenly around the drumhead. Start by tuning the macho drum to a higher pitch and the hembra drum to a lower pitch. Strike the drumhead near each tension rod to ensure even tuning and adjust as necessary.
Head Replacement: Over time, the drumheads may wear out and need replacement. To replace a drumhead, remove the tension rods and the old head, then place the new head on the drum and reattach the hardware. Gradually tighten the rods to achieve the desired tension.
Humidity Control: Bongo drumheads, especially those made of natural skin, can be sensitive to humidity changes. In dry conditions, use a humidifier to prevent the drumheads from drying out and becoming brittle. In humid conditions, consider using a dehumidifier or silica gel packs to reduce moisture levels.
Conclusion
In conclusion, bongo drums are a fascinating and versatile percussion instrument with a rich cultural heritage and significant impact on various music genres. Understanding their history, playing techniques, and maintenance needs can enhance one’s appreciation and mastery of this dynamic instrument. Whether used in traditional Afro-Cuban music, modern Latin jazz, or fusion genres, bongo drums continue to captivate musicians and audiences alike with their distinctive sound and rhythmic vitality.
