The surdo drum, an integral component of Brazilian music, particularly in samba and other Afro-Brazilian rhythms, is a large cylindrical bass drum renowned for its deep, resonant sound. Its primary function in these musical contexts is to provide a foundational rhythm that drives the tempo and mood of the performance.
What is a Surdo Drum?
The surdo drum is a significant percussion instrument within the realm of Brazilian music, especially prominent in samba. Characterized by its large, cylindrical shape, the surdo is used to establish the rhythmic base upon which other elements of samba music are built. Typically, the drum is played in various Brazilian cultural celebrations, such as festivals and carnivals, where it contributes to the vibrant and energetic atmosphere of these events.
Physical Characteristics
The surdo drum’s physical characteristics are key to understanding its unique sound and role in music.
Size
Surdo drums vary in size, but they are generally large, with diameters ranging from 16 to 30 inches (40 to 76 cm) and depths of around 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 cm). The size contributes to its deep, resonant tone, which is essential for maintaining the rhythm in samba music.
Materials
Traditional surdo drums are crafted from various materials, each affecting the drum’s sound and durability. Common materials include:
Wood: Often used for its warm, resonant quality, wooden surdos are prized for their rich sound.
Aluminum: Provides a lighter weight and a brighter tone compared to wood. Aluminum surdos are popular for their durability and ease of maintenance.
Galvanized Steel: Known for its durability and sharp, clear sound, galvanized steel is used in some surdos, offering a distinct tonal quality.
Drumheads
The drumheads of surdos are typically made from either goatskin or plastic. Each material offers different tonal characteristics:
Goatskin: Provides a traditional sound with a warm and rich resonance. It is favored for its ability to produce a more organic, natural tone.
Plastic: Offers a more consistent sound and is less affected by environmental factors such as humidity and temperature. Plastic drumheads are also easier to maintain and replace.
Historical Background
Origin
The surdo drum’s origins trace back to the early 20th century in Brazil. It was created by Alcebíades Barcelos during the 1920s and 1930s as part of the formation of the first samba school in Rio de Janeiro. Barcelos, a pivotal figure in the development of samba music, designed the surdo drum to enhance the rhythmic complexity and depth of samba ensembles.
The drum quickly gained popularity and became a staple in samba schools, contributing significantly to the evolution of Brazilian music. Its inclusion in samba and other Afro-Brazilian rhythms played a crucial role in shaping the sound of these musical genres and solidifying its place in Brazilian cultural heritage.
Cultural Significance
The surdo drum is deeply embedded in Brazilian cultural practices. It plays a central role in various festivals and carnivals, where it is prominently featured in samba parades. During these events, the surdo’s deep, resonant beats drive the rhythm of the samba schools, energizing the performers and captivating the audience. The drum’s role in these celebrations underscores its importance in Brazilian music and cultural expression.
Function in Music
In samba music, the surdo drum serves as the rhythmic backbone. It provides a steady pulse that supports the entire ensemble, helping to maintain the tempo and rhythm that dancers and other musicians rely on. The surdo’s primary function is to mark the time, offering a consistent beat that helps to synchronize the various elements of the samba performance.
The drum is typically played in a percussion ensemble known as a bateria, which consists of various percussion instruments that work together to create the vibrant and intricate rhythms of samba music. The surdo’s deep tones complement the higher-pitched sounds of other drums and percussion instruments, contributing to the rich, layered texture of the music.
In a samba bateria, different surdos are assigned specific roles, each contributing to the overall rhythmic structure:
Primeira (First): The primeira surdo plays the lowest and slowest beats, providing a deep, resonant foundation. It often marks the primary beats of the samba rhythm and is crucial for maintaining the overall tempo.
Segunda (Second): The segunda surdo plays a slightly higher pitch and faster rhythm compared to the primeira. It helps to fill in the gaps and create a more complex rhythmic pattern, enhancing the texture of the samba rhythm.
Terceira (Third): The terceira surdo plays the highest pitch and the fastest rhythm of the three. It adds a layer of complexity and drives the rhythm forward, contributing to the dynamic energy of the performance.
Playing Techniques
Playing the surdo drum involves specific techniques that produce its distinctive sound. Musicians typically use mallets to strike the drumhead, with the type of mallet affecting the drum’s tone. The surdo can be played with a variety of rhythms and patterns, depending on the musical context and the desired sound.
Mallets: Surdo mallets are usually padded and designed to produce a deep, resonant sound. The mallets can vary in size and density, affecting the drum’s tone and the intensity of the beat.
Rhythms and Patterns: The surdo can produce a range of rhythms, from steady, consistent beats to more complex patterns. Musicians may use techniques such as open tones (striking the drumhead with the mallet’s tip) and muffled tones (using the mallet’s side or palm to dampen the sound) to create different effects.
SEE ALSO: Bodhrán: The Traditional Irish Drum
Performance Context
During performances, the surdo drum is often worn and played in a specific manner. It can be suspended from the waist or shoulders using straps or harnesses, allowing the drummer to move freely while playing. This setup is common in samba parades and other performances, where the drummer’s mobility is essential for coordinating with other musicians and dancers.
The drum’s size and weight require the drummer to use proper technique and posture to maintain control and produce a consistent sound. The surdo is typically played with a combination of rhythmic patterns that contribute to the overall energy and rhythm of the performance.
Additional Information About Surdo Drum
Variations
The surdo drum has various regional variations within Brazil. Different regions may have specific designs or styles of playing that reflect local musical traditions and preferences. For example, some regions might use surdos with different sizes or materials, affecting the drum’s sound and role in the ensemble.
Related Instruments
In samba music, the surdo drum is often accompanied by other percussion instruments that contribute to the overall sound and rhythm of the performance. Some of these related instruments include:
Caixa: A snare drum that provides a sharp, cutting rhythm.
Repinique: A high-pitched drum used for accents and cues.
Tamborim: A small, high-pitched drum played with a stick.
Agogô: A bell-like instrument that adds a distinct metallic sound to the ensemble.
Conclusion
Together with the surdo, these instruments create a rich, layered texture that defines the sound of samba music and contributes to its vibrant, energetic character.
