The trombone is one of the most recognizable brass instruments, known for its distinct sliding mechanism and bold, resonant sound. It plays a significant role in various music genres, including classical, jazz, and marching bands. This column delves into the world of the trombone, covering its types, range, playing techniques, pricing, notable players, and famous compositions. Whether you’re a music enthusiast, a beginner, or a seasoned trombonist, this column provides a comprehensive overview of the trombone’s versatility and charm.
Trombone Types
The trombone family consists of several types, each with unique characteristics and uses. Let’s explore the different types of trombones commonly used today.
1. Tenor Trombone
The tenor trombone is the most common type and is frequently seen in orchestras, jazz bands, and brass ensembles. It is pitched in B♭ and uses a slide mechanism to change pitches.
Features: It usually has a 7-inch to 8.5-inch bell and a bore size ranging from 0.500 to 0.547 inches.
Best For: Classical music, jazz, concert bands, and solo performances.
2. Bass Trombone
The bass trombone has a larger bore and bell compared to the tenor trombone. It often features an F-attachment (rotor valve) and sometimes an additional valve to extend its range even further.
Features: Typically has a larger bore size of 0.562 inches and a bell size of 9.5 inches.
Best For: Symphonic orchestras, large ensembles, and jazz bands requiring a deeper sound.
3. Alto Trombone
Smaller and pitched higher than the tenor trombone, the alto trombone is usually in the key of E♭. It has a shorter slide, making it easier to reach higher notes.
Features: A smaller bore (around 0.450 inches) and a bell size of 6.5 to 7 inches.
Best For: Baroque and Renaissance music, chamber ensembles, and solo performances.
4. Contrabass Trombone
The contrabass trombone is the largest member of the trombone family, providing the lowest notes. It is often pitched in B♭ or F and requires considerable lung power due to its size.
Features: Extra-large bore (0.580 to 0.600 inches) and a bell diameter of 10 inches or more.
Best For: Film scores, symphonic orchestras, and large brass ensembles.
5. Valve Trombone
Unlike the traditional slide trombone, the valve trombone uses valves similar to a trumpet. This design allows for faster note changes, making it popular in marching bands.
Features: Typically has three valves and a bore size similar to that of a tenor trombone.
Best For: Marching bands, brass bands, and players looking for easier fingering.
Trombone Range
The trombone’s range varies depending on the type and skill level of the player. Here, we’ll break down the typical ranges for the most commonly used trombones.
1. Tenor Trombone Range
The tenor trombone has a range that extends from the E below the bass clef to the B♭ above middle C, although professional players can extend this range higher.
Low Register: E2 to G2
Middle Register: A2 to D4
High Register: E4 to B♭4
2. Bass Trombone Range
The bass trombone extends lower than the tenor trombone, especially with its valve attachments.
Low Register: B♭1 to B♭2 (with F-attachment, can go down to F1)
Middle Register: C3 to F4
High Register: G4 to B♭4
3. Alto Trombone Range
The alto trombone covers a higher range, making it suitable for treble clef parts.
Low Register: A2 to D3
Middle Register: E3 to B♭4
High Register: C5 to E5
4. Contrabass Trombone Range
The contrabass trombone is designed for the deepest bass notes.
Low Register: E♭1 to E♭2
Middle Register: F2 to B♭3
High Register: C4 to F4
How to Play Trombone
Playing the trombone involves mastering the slide mechanism, breath control, and embouchure (lip positioning). Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to get started.
1. Holding the Trombone
Left Hand: Place your left hand on the brace, holding it comfortably but firmly.
Right Hand: Use your right hand to control the slide. Your thumb should rest behind the slide brace, with your fingers gently guiding the movement.
2. Producing Your First Sound
Embouchure: Form a tight seal with your lips and blow air into the mouthpiece, creating a buzzing sound.
Breath Support: Use your diaphragm to control airflow, allowing for consistent sound production.
3. Using the Slide
The slide is the defining feature of the trombone, allowing for smooth transitions between notes.
Positions: The slide has seven positions, with the first position being fully retracted and the seventh position fully extended.
Glissando Effect: One of the trombone’s unique capabilities is the glissando, achieved by moving the slide smoothly between two notes.
4. Articulation and Dynamics
Tonguing: Use your tongue to articulate notes by saying “ta” or “da” as you blow air.
Dynamics: Adjust the volume of your playing by controlling your breath and embouchure. Practice playing softly (piano) and loudly (forte).
5. Maintenance and Care
Lubrication: Regularly oil the slide to ensure smooth operation.
Cleaning: Clean the trombone with a brush and warm water every few months to remove buildup.
Trombone Price
The price of a trombone varies widely depending on the brand, type, and quality of the instrument. Here’s a general breakdown of trombone pricing.
1. Student Models
Price Range: $200 to $800
Best For: Beginners and students. These trombones are typically more durable and easier to play, making them ideal for learning.
2. Intermediate Models
Price Range: $800 to $1,500
Best For: Players who have mastered the basics and are looking for better sound quality and responsiveness.
3. Professional Models
Price Range: $1,500 to $5,000+
Best For: Advanced players and professionals. These trombones offer superior craftsmanship, materials, and performance.
4. Specialty Trombones (e.g., Bass, Alto, Valve)
Price Range: $1,000 to $7,000+
Best For: Musicians seeking specific tonal qualities or expanding their range of instruments.
Trombone Famous Players
The trombone has produced many legendary players who have made significant contributions to music. Here are some of the most renowned trombonists.
1. J.J. Johnson
Genre: Jazz
Notable Work: Known for his smooth, lyrical style, J.J. Johnson was one of the first musicians to popularize the trombone in bebop jazz.
2. Glenn Miller
Genre: Big Band, Swing
Notable Work: A bandleader during the swing era, Glenn Miller is famous for hits like “In the Mood” and “Moonlight Serenade.”
3. Christian Lindberg
Genre: Classical
Notable Work: A Swedish trombonist known for his virtuosic performances and contributions to classical trombone literature.
4. Tommy Dorsey
Genre: Big Band, Swing
Notable Work: Renowned for his smooth tone and technical prowess, Tommy Dorsey was a prominent figure in the Big Band era.
5. Wycliffe Gordon
Genre: Jazz, Gospel
Notable Work: A versatile trombonist known for his soulful playing and contributions to modern jazz.
Famous Trombone Music
The trombone has been featured in numerous compositions across various genres. Here are some famous pieces that highlight the instrument’s versatility.
1. Classical Works
“Trombone Concerto” by Launy Grøndahl: A staple of the trombone repertoire, showcasing both lyrical and technical prowess.
“Symphony No. 3” by Gustav Mahler: Features prominent trombone solos, especially in the opening movement.
“Boléro” by Maurice Ravel: Famous for its repeated melody, this piece includes a stunning trombone solo.
2. Jazz Standards
“Blue Trombone” by J.J. Johnson: A classic jazz piece that showcases the smooth, lyrical capabilities of the trombone.
“Bone Appétit” by Wycliffe Gordon: A modern jazz piece that highlights the trombone’s versatility and expressiveness.
3. Popular and Big Band Music
“In the Mood” by Glenn Miller: A swing-era classic with catchy trombone lines.
“I’m Getting Sentimental Over You” by Tommy Dorsey: A signature piece that highlights Dorsey’s smooth trombone playing.
4. Modern Compositions
“Stardust” by Hoagy Carmichael: Known for its lyrical trombone melodies, this jazz standard remains popular among trombonists.
“Funky Cha-Cha” by Arturo Sandoval: A Latin jazz piece that includes a dynamic trombone section.
